Стр.76-77 Модуль 4 ГДЗ Starlight Баранова 8 класс

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4f Recreating monsters

Back to life!

When the last Pyrenean ibex died, killed by a falling tree, the species officially became extinct. But scientists had already taken and carefully preserved DNA samples from this wild mountain goat. Using these samples and a domestic goat’s ovary eggs, they were able to bring the Pyrenean Ibex back to life. Even though the clone lived for only seven minutes, some scientists claim that advanced techniques could now be used to clone dinosaurs and unleash a real-life ‘Jurassic Park’ on the world!

Could a T-rex really walk the Earth again? Well, dinosaurs were roaming the Earth over 65 million years ago and dinosaur DNA doesn’t last that long, even in teeth or bones. [1] Jack Horner, a world famous palaeontologist at Montana State University, however, disagrees. “Of course we can bring them back to life,” he says. “The science is there.”

In fact, in 2003, Jack and his team made a breakthrough that amazed scientists. While excavating the skeleton of a Tyrannosaurus rex at a remote site in Montana, its thigh bone broke in two as they were lifting it by helicopter. Back at the university, one of Jack’s students was running tests on the bone when she suddenly found organic material. [2] It was an astonishing finding that suggests that DNA might last a lot longer than originally believed after all.

So does this mean that we will be sharing Earth with cloned T-rexes in the future? Jack believes it’s possible, but a complete genetic map of a dinosaur would have to be worked out first and that might take decades. [3] Most scientists believe that birds are distant relatives of certain types of dinosaur and have some dormant DNA from their ancestors. So perhaps the answer lies with birds?

Jack is not the only one following this line of research. At McGill University in Canada, Hans Larsson has conducted experiments into reactivating dinosaur DNA in birds. He had been investigating the evolution of dinosaurs’ long tails into birds’ short tails more than 150 million years ago. Larsson noticed that as an embryo a chicken’s tail has 16 small bones, but only five when it hatched out of the egg. [4]

Larsson found that by changing the genetic make-up of a chicken he could enlarge its tail by three more bones. [5]

Larsson is convinced that this “reverse evolution” means that we could see a type of dinosaur within the next hundred years!

[6] The Tokyo researchers believe that they can bring the woolly mammoth back from the dead very soon. This distant ancestor of an elephant died out 8,000 years ago, so the chances of finding usable DNA are much higher. They intend to go on an expedition to frozen Siberia where they are optimistic that they will find the necessary organic material.

Scientists like Jack Homer are fascinated by the idea of unlocking the mysteries of a lost prehistoric world! He imagines himself teaching students on stage accompanied by what he calls a dino-chicken on a lead! [7] Jack says, “There is now nothing to stop us bringing back dinosaurs but ourselves.” He continues, though. “Whether it is a good idea or not is another question.”

DNA: acid in the cells of living things which determines the structure and function of every cell: also responsible for characteristics being passed on from parents to children.

DINOSAUR BLOOD VESSELS FOUND IN 68-MILLION-YEAR-OLD T-REX SKELETON

Vocabulary & Reading

1 Read the definition and then the newspaper headline. Could DNA help bring extinct animals back to life? Read the text to find out.

Check these words

officially, preserve, domestic, clone, unleash, roam, last, make a breakthrough, excavate, remote, thigh bone, organic material, finding, genetic map, distant relative, dormant, ancestor, conduct experiments, reactivate, evolution, embryo, hatch, reverse, expedition, optimistic, prehistoric, lead, revive, impressive, alteration, magnify, ambitious, satisfying, blueprint, survive

2 Read again and decide which of the sentences A-H fits each gap (1-7). There is one extra sentence.

A For this reason, he is also looking at other ways to revive dinosaurs.

В This may not seem so impressive, but a series of alterations could result in a completely new kind of dinosaur.

C After it was placed under a microscope and magnified 4,000 times, she realised she was looking at dinosaur blood vessels ... 68 million years old!

D That seems a long time to wait, but some Japanese scientists are more ambitious.

E Ignoring what the others said, he carried on with his research.

F He thinks that would be the most satisfying lecture he could ever give.

G It seemed that the embryo of a modern-day bird could contain the blueprint for a dinosaur. H It is generally accepted that it can survive 100,000 years at the most.

3 Complete with: make, conduct, bring, become, break, hatch, roam, preserved, advanced, distant.

1 become extinct

2 bring back to life

3 make a breakthrough

4 roam the Earth

5 preserved samples

6 break in two

7 conduct experiments

8 hatch out of an egg

9 advanced techniques

10 distant relatives

4 Replace the words/phrases in bold using words from the Check these words box in their correct form.

1 Do we want dinosaurs to wander around the Earth?

2 He enlarged the image of the thigh bone.

3 Most scientists believe DIMA couldn’t continue to exist for 68 million years.

4 Dinosaurs are believed to be relatives of birds.

5 Read the rules about the nouns police and family, then complete sentences 1-5 with the appropriate verb forms.

We use the noun police with plural verb forms:

The police have arrived. Are the police coming?

We use the noun family with both singular and plural verb forms: My family isntaskt big (family as a whole group). The Wilsontaskstask family come here in June (members of the family).

1 The police (is/are) here.

2 Not all my family (has/have) arrived.

3 The police (was/were) asked for help.

4 Their family (has/have) a long history.

Grammar

Reflexive/Emphatic pronouns

5 Complete with: myself, yourself, him/ her/itself, ourselves or themselves. Check in the Grammar Reference section.

1 Jack introduced himself to the audience.

2 Jack and Hans themselves dontaskt know exactly how long it will take to recreate a dinosaur.

3 The student was very proud of herself when she uncovered the dinosaur bone.

4 Did you make this discovery yourself?

5 Jack Horner himself isntaskt sure whether bringing dinosaurs back is a good idea.

6 We really enjoyed ourselves at the museum.

Key word transformations

6 Complete the second sentence so that it means the same as the first. Use two to five words including the word in bold.

1 The scientists found the discovery astonishing.

The scientists were astonished by the discovery.

2 Tom enjoyed himself at the exhibition.

Tom had a great time at the dinosaur exhibition.

3 Archaeologists report that they have found a dinosaur skeleton.

A dinosaur skeleton is reported to have been found.

4 Sarah likes being by herself.

Sarah doesntaskt mind spending time alone.

5 People say that house is haunted.

That house is said to be haunted.

Speaking & Writing

7 a) Think! Listen and read. What information in the text did you find the most interesting? Tell your partner.

b) Think! Do you think ittasks a good idea to bring back dinosaurs and other extinct species? Why/Why not? In three minutes, write a few sentences. Read them to the class.

8 ICT Collect information about dinosaurs. Report to the class.