Grammar Practice Модуль 1 ГДЗ Starlight Баранова 10 класс
Grammar Practice Section Module 1 Comparatives & Superlatives We use the comparative to compare one person or thing with another. We use the superlative to compare one person or thing with more than one person or thing of the same group.
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Приведем выдержку из задания из учебника Баранова, Дули, Копылова 10 класс, Просвещение:
Grammar Practice Section
Module 1
Comparatives & Superlatives
We use the comparative to compare one person or thing with another. We use the superlative to compare one person or thing with more than one person or thing of the same group. We often use than after a comparative and the before a superlative. She is younger than me She’s the youngest person in the room.
Formation of comparatives and superlatives from adjectives and adverbs:
with one-syllable adjectives, we add –(e)r to form the comparative and -(e)st to form the superlative.
large — larger - largest
Note: for one-syllable adjectives ending in a vowel + a consonant, we double the consonant.
thin - thinner - thinnest
with two-syllable adjectives ending in -ly, -y, -w, we also add -er / -est. lively - livelier - liveliest
Note: for adjectives ending in a consonant + y. we replace the -y with an -i. tidy - tidier - tidiest
with other two-syllable adjectives or adjectives with more than two syllables, comparatives and superlatives are formed with more/most. comfortable - more comfortable - most comfortable
with adverbs that have the same form as their adjectives. we add -er/-est. hard - harder - hardest
two-syllable or compound adverbs take more/most. carefully - more carefully - most carefully
Note: clever, common, cruel, friendly, gentle, pleasant, polite, shallow, simple, stupid, quiet can form their comparatives and superlatives either with -er/-est or with more/most.
Irregular forms:
good - better - best / bad - worse - worst / much - more - most / little - less - least / far - farther/further - farthest/furthest / many/lots - more - most
Types of comparisons:
(half/twice/three times) as + adjective + as (to show that two people or things are similar/different in some way). In negative sentences we use not as/so ... as. This coat is as expensive as that one
less + adjective + than (expresses the difference between two people or things). The opposite is more ... than. Tom Is less rich than his friend Tony.
the least + adjective + of/in (compares one person or thing to two or more people or things in the same group). The opposite is the most... of/in. She is the least hard-working person In our office
much/a lot/far/a little/a bit/slightly + comparative (expresses the degree of difference between two people or things). Jack is slightly taller than Jeremy.
comparative and comparative (to show that something is increasing or decreasing). It’s getting warmer and warmer every day.
the + comparative ..., the + comparative (shows that two things change together, or that one thing depends on another thing). The more you study now, the less you will have to study at the end of the school year.
by far + the + superlative (emphasises the difference between one person or thing and two or more people or things in the same group). Last winter was by far the coldest we have ever had.
1 Choose the correct answer.
1 Film budgets are getting higher and higher as actors are paid more.
A as high
В the highest
C higher and higher
D higher than
2 Walking to the cinema took half as long as I thought It would.
A as half as long
В half as long as
C half as long
D as long as half
3 MP3 players are definitely better than portable CD players.
A best of
В better than
C the better of
D best than
4 Cycling Is less dangerous than parachuting.
A less dangerous
В least dangerous
C the least dangerous
D least danger
5 ‘Titanic’ was the most profitable film over made.
A most profitable
В the more profitable
C the most profitable
D more profitable
6 The more you exercise, the better you will feel.
A the more good
В the more better
C the better
D the best
7 This designer jacket is by far the most expensive item of clothing Itaskve ever bought.
A by far most
В most by far
C the most by far
D by far the most
8 This comedian is much funnier than anyone else.
A much funnier
В as funny
C more funnier
D the funniest
9 Supermen Returns Is twice as good as any other superhero film.
A twice as better
В twice as best
C twice as good
D better twice
10 This diet Is by far the easiest one that I have tried.
A most easy
В any easier
C more easy
D the easiest
Relative Clauses
Relative clauses are introduced with either a relative pronoun or a relative adverb.
Relative pronouns
We use:
i. who(m)/that to refer to people.
ii. which/that to refer to things
iii. whose with people, animals and objects to show possession (instead of a possessive adjective).
Who, which and that can be omitted when they are the object of the relative clause. Hetasks the man (who) the police are looking for.
Whom can be used instead of who when it is the object of the relative clause. Whom is always used instead of who or that after a preposition. Thattasks the girl to whom the courier gave the parcel.
Who, which and that are not omitted when they are the subject of a relative clause. The man who is singing now is my cousin. They can be omitted when they are the object of a relative clause; that is, when there is a noun or a subject pronoun between the relative pronoun and the verb. Laura met a friend (who/whom/that) she hadntaskt seen for years.
Whose is never omitted. That’s the man whose dog chased our cat.
Relative adverbs
We use:
i. when/that to refer to a time (and can be omitted).
That was the year (when/that) we got married.
ii. where to refer to a place. The hotel where we stayed is dosing down.
iii. why to give a reason, usually after the word reason (why can be omitted). Thattasks the reason (why) I want to do this.
Note: When using where or when, we do not need a preposition. The house where he grew up is being demolished. (NOT: The house where he grew up in ..)
Identifying & Non-Identifying Relative Clauses
An identifying relative clause gives necessary information essential to the meaning of the main sentence. It is not put in commas and is introduced with who. which, that, whose, where, when or the reason (why). The woman who teaches us English at school lives next door.
A non-identifying relative clause gives extra information and is not essential to the meaning of the main sentence. It is put in commas and is introduced with who. whom, which, whose, where or when. The woman, who was reading a newspaper, seemed familiar to me.
2 Choose the correct answer.
1 Stamford Is the village In which I grew up.
A whore
В who
C which
D whose
2 That’s the referee whose bad decision caused us to lose the last match.
A who
В whose
C whom
D which
3 Tom’s poor health was the main reason why he gave up his
ob.
A why
В which
C where
D whose
4 Cornwall was the place where we always used to spend our holidays.
A which
В when
C that
D where
5 The player who scored the most goals is the best player on the team.
A whose
В who
C when
D which
6 Superman Returns which Is the best film I’ve ever seen, Is now out on DVD.
A when
В who
C which
D that
7 That was the summer when I got my driving license.
A where
В when
C which
D why
3 Link column A with column В using the correct relative pronoun/adverb.
1 This is the hotel
2 That Is die restaurant
3 The man
4 Tony Is watching the DVD
5 The reason
6 That’s the girl
7 That was the year
who
whose
which
where
when
why
a I graduated from college.
B brother is an actor.
C we spent our honeymoon.
D is giving a speech is my uncle.
E serves Chinese food.
F he rented yesterday.
G Frank has high marks Is because he studies hard.
Present Simple & Present Continuous
We use the present simple for;
facts and permanent states. Jane works as a nurse.
General truths and laws of nature. The sun sets in the west
habits and routines (with always, usually etc). She usually goes to the cinema twice a month.
Timetables and programmes (in the future). His plane leaves at ten o’clock next Friday.
Sporting commentaries, reviews and narrations. Terry wins the ball, crosses and Lampard scores for Chelsea.
Feelings and emotions. I love Mozart His musk is wonderful
The time expressions we use with the present simple arc: usually, often, always, every day/week/month/ year etc, in the morning/afternoon/evening, at night/the weekend, on Fridays etc
We use the present continuous (to be + verb -ing):
for actions taking place at or around the moment of speaking. Jeon is doing her homework.
For temporary situations. We are fixing the fence this week.
For fixed arrangements in the near future. I’m going out with Tony tonight
for currently changing and developing situations. The temperature is becoming warmer and warmer.
With adverbs such as always to express anger or irritation at a repeated action. She is always taking my things.
The time expressions we use with the present continuous arc: now, of the moment at present these days, nowadays, still, today, tonight etc
Stative Verbs
Stative verbs are verbs which describe a state rather than an action, and so do not usually have a continuous tense. These verbs are:
verbs of the senses (see. Hear, smell, taste, feel. Look, sound, seem, appear etc). Your perfume smells lovely.
Verbs of perception (know, believe, understand, realise, remember, forget etc). I know what the problem is.
verbs which express feelings and emotions (like. Love. Hate, enjoy, prefer, detest, desire, want etc). Nick enjoys rock musk.
Some other verbs (be, contain, include, belong, fit. Need, matter, cost. Own. Want. Owe. Weigh, wish. Have, keep etc). These Jeans cost me a fortune.
Some of these verbs can be used in continuous tenses, but with a difference in meaning.
Present Simple
THINK
I think he will become a good teacher. (= believe)
HAVE
She has a huge house. (= own. Possess)
SEE
I can see the park from my office. (= it is visible)
I see what you mean. (= understand)
TASTE
The fish tastes delicious. (= it is. has the flavour of)
SMELL
This rose smells lovely. (= has the aroma)
APPEAR
He appears to be going in the wrong direction. (= seems to)
FIT
The Jeans fit him perfectly. (= are the right size)
Present Continuous
They are thinking about buying a new car. (= are considering)
I am having a fantastic time. (= am experiencing) She is having о bath. (= is taking)
They are having dinner. (= are eating)
I’m seeing Mr Stewart at ten o’clock. (= am meeting)
Sue is tasting the stew to see if к needs more pepper. (= is testing)
She is smelling the flowers. (= is sniffing)
He is appearing in a play at The Arts theatre. (= is performing)
The technician is fitting a new air conditioner on the wall (= is attaching)
Note:
The verb enjoy can be used in continuous tenses to express a specific preference. My brother really enjoys playing football, (general preference) BUT He’s enjoying the match very much, (specific preference)
The verbs look (when we refer to somebody’s appearance), feel (experience a particular emotion), hurt and ache can be used in simple or continuous tenses with no difference in meaning. I feel very sad. = I am feeling very sad.
Present Perfect
We use the present perfect (have + past participle) for:
an action that happened at an unstated time in the past. The emphasis is on the action, the time when it occurred is unimportant or unknown. I have washed the car. Ann has been to London once.
An action which started in the past and continues up to the present, especially with stative verbs (see above) such as be. Have. Like, know etc. I have known the browns for six years.
A recently completed action. I have painted the house.
Personal experiences or changes. She has put on five kilos.
The time expressions we use with the present perfect are: for, since, already, always just ever, never, so for, today, this week/month etc, how long, lately, recently, still (in negations), yet by now etc
Present Perfect Continuous
We use the present perfect continuous (have + been + verb -ing):
to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started in the past and continues up to the present. We have been decorating the thing room all morning.
For an action which started in the past and lasted for some time. It may still be continuing or has finished already with the result visible in the present. He’s soaking wet because it has been raining all morning.
To express anger, irritation or annoyance. He has been taking my things without my permission.
For repeated actions in the past continuing to the present She has lost weight because she has been dieting.
The time expressions we use with the present perfect continuous are: for, since, how long, all day /morning/month etc, lately, recently
Note: with the verbs live, work, teach and feel we can use the present perfect simple or the present perfect continuous with no difference in meaning. She has worked/has been working as a teacher for the last eight years.
4 Put the verbs in brackets into the present simple or present continuous.
1 A: This Is the sodium where I run every weekend. It’s usually full.
B: It might be busy then but nobody is running here now.
2 A: Are you doing anything special tonight?
B: Yes! I‘m going out for a meal with Ann. It’s her birthday.
3 A: I am thinking of taking up snowboarding this year.
В: I don’t think that’s a very good Idea!
4 A: Their soon is looking at an expensive pair of trainers In the shop window.
B: That’s why his parents look so miserable!
5 A: What time does the match start?
B: Hurry! It is starting now!
6 A: Do you want to come to the cinema with us tonight?
B: Sorry. I can’t I‘m babysitting tonight
7 A: Why are you smelling the pot?
B: I’ve washed It twice, and It still smells of onion.
5 Complete the sentences using the present perfect or the present perfect
continuous.
1 A: Have you been watching that film all this time?
B: Yes. It’s over three hours long.
2 A: I have run every London Marathon since I moved hero three years ago.
B: That’s very impressive. I have never done anything like that
3 A: How long have you been playing the guitar?
B: Well. I have been learning for a few months now.
4 A: Is Andy a good friend of yours?
B: Yes. he is. I have known him since I was 6 years old.
5 A: How have you been recently?
B: Not good. I broke my leg skiing so I have been using crutches for the last three weeks.
6 A: I have not seen your sister lately.
В: I know. She has been working really hard those past few weeks.
7 A: Why are you angry with your sister?
B: She has been using my things without asking for permission.
Past Simple
We use the past simple:
for an action that occurred at a definite time (stated or implied) in the past. He went to the doctor yesterday.
for actions that happened immediately after one another in the past She got up. had breakfast and went to work.
for habits or states which are now finished. Mr Ferguson worked as a teacher when he eras younger.
Note: Used to can also be used instead of the past simple for habits/repeated actions in the past
The time expressions we use with the past simple are: yesterday, then, when, How long ago ...?, last night/week/month/year/Friday/October etc three days/weeks etc ago, in 1999 etc
Past Continuous
We use the past continuous:
for an action which was in progress when another action interrupted it. We use the past continuous for the action in progress (the longer action), and the past simple for the action which interrupted it (the shorter action). We were doing our homework when the lights went out
for two or more simultaneous actions in the past Ben was watching TV in the living room while Alice was cooking dinner.
for an action which was in progress at a stated time in the past We dontaskt mention when the action started or finished.
At 8 otaskclock yesterday, I was having a shower.
to describe the atmosphere, setting etc and to give background information to a story. The birds worm singing and the sun was shining as we were driving towards our country house.
Note: When there are two past continuous forms in a sentence with the same subject we can avoid repetition by just using the present participle (-ing form) and leaving out the verb to be. He was fixing his bike; he was listening to the radio. - He was fixing his bike while listening to the radio.
The time expressions we use with the past continuous are: while, as, all morning/evening/day/week etc
Past Perfect
We use the past perfect (had + past participle):
for an action which happened before another past action or before a stated time in the past Ann had finished ironing by eight otaskclock.
for an action which finished in the past, and whose result was visible at a later point in the past She had broken her wrist a month ago and she still couldn’t write properly.
The time expressions we use with the past perfect are: before, after, already, just for, since, till/until, when, by the time, never etc
Past Perfect Continuous
We use the past perfect continuous:
to put emphasis on the duration of an action which started and finished in the past, before another action or stated time in the past usually with for or since He had been jogging for about an hour before he got home and had a shower.
for an action which lasted for some time in the past and whose result was visible in the past She had been making a
cake and her clothes were covered in flour.
The time expressions we use with the past perfect continuous are: for, since, how long, before, until etc Time expressions to talk about the past:
ago (= back in time from now) is used with the past simple. I did my homework about an hour ago.
since (= from a starting point in the past) is used with the present perfect (simple and continuous). I haventaskt seen her since she moved.
for (= over a period of time) is used with the present perfect (simple and continuous). They’ve been watching DVDs for hours.
already is used in statements and questions (to show surprise). I have already written to him. Have you finished writing already?
yet is used with the present perfect in questions and negations. Have you finished reading yet? I haven’t done the washing-up yet.
6 Complete the sentences using the correct tense of the verbs in brackets.
1 A What were you doing when the phone rang?
В: I was watering the plants In the garden. That’s why I didn’t hear It.
2 A: I came by your house at 8 otaskclock but you were not there.
B: Oh. I’m sorry. I was walking the dog at that time.
3 A: Did you manage to fix the car on your own?
B: No. I tried all morning, but In the end I took It to the garage.
4 A: Stella has travelled to Barcelona twice tills year already.
B: Lucky her! I have never been there, but I hear It is a beautiful city.
5 A Why was he tired?
B: Weil, he had been working in the garden for hours.
6 A: Have you ever tried scuba diving?
B: Yes, actually I have been taking lessons since last summer.
7 A: Did you see him pass the finish line?
B: He’s not even close. He hasn’t even got to the halfway point yet.
7 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct present and past tenses.
Channel Swimming
Everyone 1) has heard of Eurostar, the trains which 2) have been taking passengers under the English Channel since 1994, but 3) have you ever heard of anyone swimming from England to France? Well, believe it or not, there 4) is actually a sport called ‘Channel Swimming’, which 5) began in the late 19th century when Captain Matthew Webb 6) swam the English Channel in 21 hours and 45 minutes.
Today, many people 7) attempt to swim this 21-mile stretch of water every year, but at least 50% 8) don’t succeed. Samantha Wilkins, only 14 years old, 9) has just become one of the successful ones. So how 10) did she do it? “While I 11) was swimming. I just 12) focused on my goal and 13) did not let myself think about feeling cold or tired! Now I 14) am thinking about attempting the swim again. I 15) completed my first crossing in just over 16 hours. I really 16) want to beat that!”