Grammar Practice Модуль 2 ГДЗ Starlight Баранова 10 класс

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Module 2

Reported Speech

Reported speech is the exact meaning of what someone said, but not the exact words. We do not use quotation marks. The word that can either be used or omitted after the introductory verb (say, tell suggest etc).

She said (that) she wouldntaskt tell anyone our secret

Say - Tell

say + no personal object. He said he was very hoppy

say + to + personal object. He said to us (that) he was very happy.

tell + personal object. He told us he was very happy.

Expressions formed with say, tell and ask.

Say

hello, good morning/afternoon etc, something/nothing. So, a prayer, a few words, no more, for certain/ sure etc

Tell

the truth, a lie, a story, a secret, a joke, the time, the difference, one from another, somebody one’s name, somebody the way. somebody so. someone’s fortune etc

Ask

a question, a favour, the price, after somebody, the time, around, for something/somebody etc

Reported Statements

In reported speech, personal/possessive pronouns and possessive adjectives change according to the meaning of the sentence

Philip said, ‘I’m having my hair cut” Philip said (that) he was having his hair cut

We can report someonetasks words either a long time after they were said (out-of-date reporting) or a short time after they were said (up-to-date reporting).

Up-to-date reporting

The tenses can either change or remain the same in reported speech.

Direct speech: David said, "I still haven’t finished it”

Reported speech: David said (that) he stiff hasn’t t/hadntaskt finished it

Out-of-date reporting

The introductory verb is in the past simple and the tenses change as follows:

Direct speech

Reported speech

Present Simple -> Past Simple

“My bus leaves at 4 o’clock.”

He said (that) his bus left at 4 otaskclock.

Present Continuous -> Past Continuous

‘I am playing basketball this afternoon”

He sad (that) he was playing basketball that afternoon.

Present Perfect -> Past Perfect

“I have washed my hair.”

She said (that) she had washed her hair.

Past Simple -> Past Simple or Past Perfect

“I paid 20 for the book”

He said (that) he paid/had paid 20 for the book.

Past Continuous -> Past Continuous or Past Perfect Continuous

“I was studying for the exam.”

He said that he was studying/ had been studying for the exam.

Future (will) > Conditional (would)

“I will call you tomorrow.”

He said that he would call me the next day.

Certain words and time expressions change according to the meaning as follows:

Now -> then, immediately

today -> that day

yesterday -> the day before, the previous day

tomorrow -> the next/following day

this week -> that week

last week -> the week before, the previous week

next week -> the week after, the following week

ago -> before

here -> there

come -> go

bring -> take

The verb tenses remain the same in reported speech when the introductory verb is in the present, future or present perfect

Trevor has (often) said, "The system doesn’t work.”

Trevor has (often) said (that) the system doesn’t work. The verb tenses can either change or remain the same in reported speech when reporting a general truth or law of nature.

The teacher said, “Corfu is on Island.”

The teacher said (that) Corfu is/was an island.

Reported Questions

Reported questions are usually introduced with the verbs ask, inquire, wonder or the phrase want to know.

When the direct question begins with a question word (who. where, how. when, what etc), the reported question is introduced with the same question word.

"What time do shops close, please?" (direct question) He asked me what time shops dosed, (reported question)

When the direct question begins with an auxiliary (be, do, have), or a modal verb (can, may etc), then the reported question is introduced with if or whether. "Are there any oranges left?" (direct question)

He asked me if/whether there were any oranges left (reported question)

In reported questions, the verb is in the affirmative. The question mark and words/phrases such as please, well, oh etc are omitted. The verb tenses, pronouns and time expressions change as in statements.

"Can you tell me when the next flight to Spain is, please?" (direct question) He asked me when the next fight to Spain was. (reported question)

Reported Orders

To report orders in reported speech, we use the introductory verbs order or tell + sb + (not) to-infinitive. “Stop!” (direct order)

He ordered them to stop, (reported order)

“Don’t runt” (direct order)

She told us not to run. (reported order)

Reported Commands — Requests — Suggestions etc

To report commands, requests, suggestions, instructions etc, we use a special introductory verb followed by a to-infinitive, -ing form or that-clause, depending on the introductory verb.

Introductory verb

+ to-infinitive

agree

*claim

*demand

offer

*promise

refuse

*threaten

+ sb +

to-infinitive

advise

allow

ask

beg

command

encourage

forbid

invite

order

*remind

*warn

+-ing form

accuse sb of

*admit (to)

apologise for

*boast about/of

*complain (to sb) of/about

*deny

*insist on

*suggest

+that-clause

explain

inform sb

Direct speech

"Yes, I’ll lend you my MP3 player."

"I’m working this weekend. "

"I want to make a phone call now. "

"Would you like me to come with you? "

"I promise I’ll tell you."

"No, I won’t take that"

"Stop arguing or I won’t let you go out to play in the afternoon."

"You should try to lose weight"

"You can go out"

"Please stop making noise. "

"Please, please tell me. "

"Hold"

"You should at least try it"

"You cannot smoke In the office."

"Will you come to the reunion? "

"Come here! "

"Don’t forget to check everything before you leave"

"Don’t swim on a full stomach. "

"She told everyone I am a liar. "

"Yes, I broke the window. "

"I’m sorry I didntaskt call you. "

"Itaskm on excellent guitar player."

"I feel very exhausted. "

"I didn’t hit that boy! "

"I am going to take you to the zoo. "

"Why don’t we go on holiday? "

"It is faster to go by plane. "

"You passed the test."

Reported speech

He agreed to lend me his MP3 player.

He claimed to be working that weekend.

He demanded to make a phone call then.

He offered to go with me.

He promised to tell me.

He refused to take that.

He threatened not to let us go out to play in the afternoon rf we didntaskt stop arguing.

He advised me to try to lose weight.

He allowed me to go out.

He asked me to stop making noise.

He begged me to tell him.

He commanded them to halt.

He encouraged me to try it.

He forbade me to smoke In the office.

He invited me to go to the reunion.

He ordered me to go there.

He reminded me to check everything before left.

He warned me not to swim on a full stomach.

He accused her of telling everyone he was a liar.

He admitted to breaking/having broken the window.

He apologised for not calling her.

He boasted of/about being an excellent guitar player.

He complained (to me) of feeing very exhausted.

He denied hitting/having hit that boy.

He insisted on taking me to the zoo.

He suggested going on holiday.

He explained that it was faster to go by plane.

He informed me that I had passed the test.

* The verbs marked with an asterisk can also be followed by a that-clause in Reported Speech. He claimed that he didn’t know about it

In conversation we use a mixture of statements, commands and questions. When we turn them into reported speech, we use and. as. adding that, and he/she added that, because, but. since etc. Words such as oh!, oh dear, well etc are omitted in reported speech.

Direct: "Oh! That’s a nice pair of Jeans, " Ann said to me. "They suit you perfectly. "

Reported: Ann said that they were a nice pair of Jeans and added that they suited me perfectly.

Modals in Reported Speech

Modals change as follows: will/shall -> would, can could (present reference)/would be able to (future reference), may -> might/could. shall -> should (asking for advice)/would (asking for information)/offer (expressing offers), must -> must/had to (obligation) (* taskmusttask remains the same when it expresses possibility or deduction), needntaskt didn’t need to/didn’t have to (present reference/wouldn’t have to (future reference).

8 Turn the following sentences into Reported Speech.

1 “I’m trying to be more health conscious.” said Helen.

2 “Itaskve already read this book.” Frank said.

3 “I’m starting a new job next week.” Sally said.

4 “Itaskll see you tomorrow.” he said to her.

5 “The support group meets on a monthly basis. ” said Dr Evans.

6 “I got up early.” Tom said.

7 “I don’t usually like trying new food, but I’ll try some of that curry.” said Sarah.

8 “I’ve booked a cooking holiday in Thailand.” Sam said.

9 “I have a surprise for you.” Robert said to Jane.

10 “Malta is an island.” he said.

11 “Peter has put on a lot of weight.” said Gary.

12 “I was working at eight o’clock.” said James.

13 “I don’t like riding a bike through heavy traffic.’’ said Greg.

14 “I am going for a takeaway pizza tonight.” Jill said to him.

15 “My house Is not for sale.” he says.

16 She said. “I’ll come by later.”

17 He said. “She can start work on Monday.”

18 He said. “He should exercise more.”

19 “I may go to university to study medicine.” he said.

20 He asked. “Shall I make some tea?”

21 She said. “They won’t arrive on time.”

9 Use an appropriate introductory verb from the list to report the following sentences.

apologise

boast

invite

beg

promise

inform

complain

warn

suggest

advise

1 “You should eat more nutritious meals.” she said.

She advised me to eat more nutritious meats.

2 “You always leave the window open.” she said.

3 “Let’s make a curry.” Tom said.

4 “I’m sorry I was late.” he said.

5 “I own the best restaurant in the area.” said Charles.

6 “Please, please help me!" he said.

7 “Would you like to come to a party with me?” he said.

8 “Don’t touch the wire!” she said.

9 “Your results will come out tomorrow.” he said.

10 “I’ll definitely arrive early.” she said.

Future Simple

We use the future simple (will + bare infinitive) for:

decisions made at the moment of speaking. The phonetasks ringing. I’ll answer it.

predictions about the future, based on what we think, believe or imagine, using the verbs think, believe, expect etc; the expressions be sure, be afraid etc; and the adverbs probably, certainly, perhaps etc. He will probably come later on.

promises, threats, warnings, requests, hopes and offers. Will you help me with my homework?

actions, events, situations which will definitely happen in the future and which we can’t control. Rod will be fifty years old in Jane.

be going to

We use be going to:

for plans, intentions or ambitions for the future. He’s going to be a doctor when he finishes university.

actions we have already decided to do in the near future. Laura is going to spend her holidays in France.

predictions based on what we can see or what we know, especially when there is evidence that something will happen. Look at that man with the guitar. He’s going to start playing.

The time expressions we use with the future simple and be going to are: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, tonight, soon, next week/monthly earl summer etc, in a week/month etc

Future Continuous

We use the future continuous (will be + verb -ing):

for actions which will be in progress at a stated future time. This time next month, I’ll be sitting in a cafe in Paris.

for actions which will definitely happen in the future as the result of a routine or arrangement We will be going to the museum at the weekend.

when we ask politely about someonetasks plans for the near future. Will you be wearing your new jacket tonight?

Future Perfect

We use the future perfect (will have + past particle) for actions that will have finished before a stated time in the future. We will have finished the exams by the end of this week.

The time expressions we use with the future perfect arc: before, by, by then, by the time, until/till (only in negative sentences)

Future Perfect Continuous

We use the future perfect continuous (will have been + verb -ing) to emphasise the duration of an action up to a certain time in the future. The future perfect continuous is used with: by ... for. By the end of May, Jill will have been living here for fifteen years.

Time clauses when talking about the future:

When we use words and expressions such as while, before, after, until/till. as. when, whenever, once, as soon as. as long as. by the time etc to introduce time clauses, we use the present simple or present perfect, NOT future forms.

By the time we get there, the ship will have left.

(NOT: By the time we will get there ..)

We also use the present simple and present perfect, NOT future forms, after words and expressions such as unless, if. suppose/supposing, in case etc. Take an umbrella in case it rains later. (NOT: in cate it will rain later.)

We use future forms with:

when, when it is used as a question word. When will you be going staling?

if/whether. after expressions which show uncertainty/ ignorance etc. such as I don’t know, I doubt, I wonder. I’m not sure etc, I dontaskt know whether he will come or not.

Note: We use the present simple to refer to timetables/programmes. The film starts at 7:30.

We use the present continuous for a fixed arrangement in the near future. Itaskm seeing Tom tonight.

10 Complete with: will or be going to.

1 A: Are you studying maths, chemistry and biology?

B: Yes. because I am going to study medicine at university.

2 A: I have decided what to buy Tom for his birthday.

B: Really? What are you doing to buy him, then?

3 A: Have you finished your report yet?

B: No, but I’m sure I will finish It on time.

4 A: I have three friends coming to dinner tonight.

B: Don’t worry. I will help you cook.

5 A: Why do you need so much flour?

В: I am going to make a pizza.

6 A: I’m so tired. I’m about to fall asleep.

В: I will get you some coffee.

7 A: How old is your son?

B: He will be twelve next month.

11 Put the verbs in brackets into the appropriate future forms.

A A: What 1) are you doing tonight?

В: I 2) am going to tidy my room.

A: What time 3) will you finish?

В: I 4) will have finished by nine otaskclock. I hope.

A: Shall wo go to the cinema then? The film starts at 9:30.

B This time next week I 1) will be relaxing on a beach in Thailand and 12) will have forgotten all my problems at work. I 3) am going to sunbathe and the kids 4) are going to swim and we 5) will have lots of fun. I just can’t wait.

Infinitive

The to-infinitive is used:

to express purpose. He took the train to arrive early.

after certain verbs (agree, appear, decide, expect, hope, plan, promise, refuse etc). They expect to start printing next week.

after would like, would prefer, would love etc to express a specific preference. I would prefer to go to the theatre tonight

after adjectives which describe feelings/emotions (happy, sad. glad etc); express willingness/ unwillingness (willing, eager, reluctant etc); refer to a person’s character (clever, kind etc) and the adjectives lucky and fortunate f was very happy to hear that Jennifer and Darren got married.

Note: With adjectives that refer to character we can also use an impersonal structure. It was kind of you to inform me about it

after too/enough. к is too cold to go swimming.

to talk about an unexpected event, usually with only I finally arrived home only to find that my house had been broken into.

with it + be + adjective/noun. It wasn’t easy to find a new accountant

after be + first/second/next/last etc. He was the last person to talk at the conference.

After verbs and expressions such as ask learn, explain, decide, find out. Want, want to know etc. when they are followed by a question word. She explained how to use the vending machine Note: why is followed by subject + verb. NOT an infinitive. I wonder why she didn’t come to me with her problem.

in the expressions to tell you the truth, to be honest, to sum up. To begin with etc. To tell you the truth, I didn’t want anyone to find out

Note: If two to-infinitives are linked by and or or, the to of the second infinitive can be omitted. I would like to go and see the performance tonight

Tenses of the Infinitive

Present: (to) read

Perfect: (to) have read

Present Continuous: (to) be reading

Perfect Continuous: (to) have been reading

The Present Infinitive refers to the present or future: eg. You are expected to work from 9.00 to 4.00 every weekday.

The Present Continuous Infinitive expresses an action happening now: eg. She seems to be working on the project at present

he Perfect Infinitive is used to show that the action of the infinitive happened before the action of the verb: eg. She claims to have been to Austria twice.

The Perfect Continuous Infinitive is used to emphasise the duration of the action of the infinitive, which happened before the action of the main verb: e.g. He seems to have been reading all night. His eyes are red.

The infinitive without to is used:

after modal verbs. Beth can play the saxophone wed.

after the verbs let. Make. See. Hear and feel. They made him leave the building. BUT we use the to-infinitive after be made, be heard, be seen etc (passive form). He was made to leave the building.

Note: When see. Hear and watch are followed by an -ing form, there is no change in the passive. He saw me reading the email. I was seen reading the email.

After had better and would rather. We had better take a taxi.

Help can be followed by either the to-infinitive or the infinitive without to. She helped me (to) solve the problem.

-ing form

The -ing form is used:

as a noun. Smoking a bod for your health.

After certain verbs: admit, appreciate, avoid, continue, deny, fancy, go (for activities), imagine, mind. Miss. Quit. Save, suggest, ractice, consider, prevent He suggested solving the problem on our own.

After love, like, enjoy, prefer, dislike, hate to express general preference. Jeremy loves eating chocolate ice-cream. BUT for a specific preference (would like/would prefer/would love) we use a to-infinitive.

After expressions such as be busy, it’s no use. It’s (no) good, it’s (not) worth, what’s the use of. Can’t help, there’s no point in. can’t stand, have difficulty (in), have trouble etc. There is no point in talking to her, she is so headstrong!

After spend, waste or lose (time, money etc). He spent a lot of money buying a home cinema system.

After the preposition to with verbs and expressions such as look forward to, be used to, in addition to, object to, prefer (doing sth to sth else). He prefers eating at home to eating out

after other prepositions He was thinking of changing his lock.

After the verbs hear, listen to. notice, see. Watch and feel to describe an incomplete action. I heard John talking to Elaine. (I only heard part of the conversation.)

BUT we use the infinitive without to with hear, listen to. notice, see. Watch and feel to describe die complete action. / heard Larry tell the story. (I heard the whole story.)

Difference in meaning between the to-infinitive and -ing form

Some verbs can take either the to-infinitive or the -ing form with a change in meaning.

Forget + to-infinitive = (not) remember. He forgot to lock the door. Forget + -ing form = not recall. ГК never forget living in Hawaii.

Remember + to-infinitive = not forget. Did you remember to post the letter?

Remember + -ing form = recall. I remember hearing him say that.

Mean + to-infinitive = intend to. I’m sorry, I never meant to make you feel so bad,

mean + -ing form = involve. If I lose my job. I’m afraid it will mean selling my car.

Regret + to-infinitive = be sorry to (normally used in the present simple with verbs such as say. Tell, inform).

We regret to inform you that you have not been accepted into university.

Regret + -ing form = feel sorry about. I regret losing touch with my friends in America.

Try + to-infinitive = do one’s best, attempt. She tried to tell him but he just didn’t want to listen.

Try + -ing form = do something as an experiment. Why don’t you try adding more sugar?

12 Put the verbs in brackets into the Infinitive or the -Ing form.

1 A: I’ll never forget meeting David Beckham.

B: Yes, but you forgot to get his autograph, didn’t you?

2 A: Do you regret lending the money to Nick?

B: Yes. I regret to say he’s not a very trustworthy person.

3 A: Did you remember to return the DVDs we rented?

В: I remember taking them but I think I left them in my briefcase.

4 A: I’ve been trying to get In touch with Sharon all day.

B: Why don’t you try calling her on her mobile?

13 Complete the blanks with the correct form of the Infinitive or the -Ing form. Mind the tenses.

1 A: I’m getting colds and headaches on a regular basis.

B: You’d better go to the doctor.

2 A: Do you know any good ways of reducing stress levels?

B: I’ve heard that some people meditate every day.

3 A: I can’t lose any weight so I’ve decided to join a dieting club.

B: Good Idea! I lost toads of weight when I joined one.

4 A: Josh wasn’t at the lesson today and the teacher was very angry.

B: He’d better have a good excuse or he’ll be in trouble.

Summary of Functions of Modal Verbs

Use

ability

possibility

probability

logical assumptions

permission

necessity

Present/Future

He can speak Japanese.

Shetasks ablе to make people laugh.

He can still be at work. (90% certain)

She could be angry. (50% certain; Ittasks possible she is angry)

Sally may be teaching. (SOX certain; ittasks possible that she is teaching)

You might need to come tomorrow. (40% certain; perhaps you need to come tomorrow)

It a likely that Sue will give up working. Sue is likely to give up working.

They will be in Spain tomorrow. (100% certain; prediction)

We should see him there. (90% certain; future only; Ittasks probable)

She ought to be in Canada by now. (90% certain; she will probably be in Canada)

He must be exhausted. (90% certain - positive; Itaskm sure he’s exhausted)

She can’t be serious, (negative; I’m sure she’s not serious)

They couldntaskt be on holiday, (negative; I don’t think they are on holiday)

You can/can’t have a party, (giving or refusing permission; informal)

Could I be excused? (polite; asking for permission)

You may be excused, (formal; giving permission)

Might I bring a friend to the wedding? (more formal; asking for permission)

I’m afraid you can’t/mustn’t have visitors, (informal; refusing permission)

Guests may not smoke in their rooms. (formal; refusing permission - written notice)

I must return these books soon. (I say so)

She has to find a new job. (necessity coming from outside the speaker)

Theytaskve got to sell their caravan. (informal)

The plants need watering. OR The plants need to be watered, (it’s necessary)

She doesntaskt have to/doesn’t need to I needntaskt leave when they do, fit isntaskt necessary -absence of necessity) We ought to reply to the invitation. (it’s necessary)

Past

He could/was able to speak Japanese. (repeated action - ability in the past)

We were able to go on a three-month tour of Australia. (single action)

-

We could have had on accident (luckily we didn’t)

John may have broken that vase (perhaps he did)

Jane might have lost our telephone number. (perhaps she has lost it)

It was likely that she had taken the last train.

She was likely to have token the last train.

-

He should have finished by now.

(He has probably finished.)

They ought to have started the course by now. (They have probably started the course.)

He must have won the competition. (positive; Itaskm sure he has won the competition)

She can’t have married Ted. (negative; Itaskm sure she didn’t marry Ted)

They couldntaskt have been friends. (negative; I don’t think they were friends)

He wasntaskt allowed to/couldn’t board the plane He was allowed to see the patient (NOT: could)

-

-

-

-

-

I had to return the books to the library. (I was obliged to)

She had to find a new job after she was dismissed.

They had to sell their caravan.

The plants needed watering. OR The plants needed to be watered. (it was necessary)

She didntaskt have told/didn’t need to work as hard as me. (it wasn’t necessary for her to work as hard as me and she didn’t - absence of necessity). She needntaskt have got a taxi, fit wasntaskt necessary for her to get a taxi but she did)

Summary of Functions of Modal Verbs

Use

advice

criticism

obligation

requests

offers

suggestions

prohibition

duty

Present/Future

You should try to make more of an effort. (general advice; I advice you)

You ought to keep to the speed limit.

(I advice you; most people believe this)

You had better not keep her waiting. (It’s not a good idea; advice on о specific situation)

Shall I apply for the job? (asking for advice)

She could at least wait until 5 otaskclock.

They should warm us.

You ought to be more poke to her.

I must get more exercise. (I need to; I say so)

I have to get more exercise. (Tm obliged to; the doctor says so)

We ought to give more money to chanty.

(It’s the right thing to do, but we don’t always do it)

Can I use your phone? (informal)

Could I use your phone? (poke)

May I make a phone call, please? (formal)

Might I borrow your pen? (very formal)

Will you give me a hand? (very friendly)

Would you mind helping me? (poke)

Can I/we do anything to help? (informal)

Shall l/we help you tidy up? (informal)

Would you like me to do it for you?

Shall we stop for a drink?

I/We can always leave early.

We could eat out tonight if you want.

You can’t wear jeans at work. (you arentaskt allowed to)

You mustn’t walk on the grass, (it’s forbidden)

You may not talk during the test (formal)

All members must follow the rules.

People ought to live in peace. (It’s the right thing to do, but people don’t do it)

Past

You should have paid more attention.

(but you didntaskt)

She ought to have reserved о table.

(but she didntaskt)

It would have been better if you hadn’t kept her waiting.(but you did)

-

She could at least have waited until 5 otaskclock.

They should have warned us. (but they didntaskt)

You ought to have been more poke to her. (It was the right thing to do, but you didntaskt do it)

I had to get more exercise because I was unfit.

I had to get more exercise because I was unfit.

We ought to have given more money to charity. (It was the right thing to do but we didntaskt do it)

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

He could have asked for advice.

They couldn’t wear jeans at work. (they weren’t allowed to)

-

-

All members had to follow the rules.

She ought to have treated us more fairly. (It was the right thing to do but she didn’t always do it)

14 Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words.

1 It’s forbidden to eat in the library.

You must not eat in the library.

2 Perhaps she will be late.

She might he late.

3 It wasn’t necessary for her to buy me a gift.

She needn’t have bought me a gift

4 I’m certain It has stopped snowing now.

It must have stopped snowing now.

5 I’m sure he isn’t at home now.

He can’t be at home now.

6 I advise you to read the contract before you sign it.

You had better read the contract before you sign it

7 It’s possible that she has forgotten his birthday.

She may have forgotten his birthday.

8 Perhaps Daniel Is at the chemist’s.

Daniel could be at the chemisttasks.

9 I’m sure he has written his report now.

He must have written his report now.

10 It wasn’t necessary for Bob to work overtime.

Bob needn’t have worked overtime.

11 Alex was obliged to wear glasses.

Alex had to wear glasses.

15 Choose the correct answer.

1 Your acne could be due to your unhealthy eating habits.

A ought to be

В could be

C would be

D should be

2 I wouldn’t like to rely on alternative medicine for my health.

A mustn’t

В needn’t

C couldn’t

D wouldn’t

3 You had better go to the dentist soon.

A had better

В ought to have

C should have

D had to

4 As It’s very sunny today, you must wear plenty of sunscreen when you go outside.

A are likely to

В are able to

C will be able to

D must

5 You shouldn’t be so rude to the customers.

A shouldn’t

В couldn’t

C aren’t likely to

D might not

6 After qualifying, now doctors decide In which area of medicine they would like to specialise.

A must

В could

C would

D should