Grammar Practice Модуль 4 ГДЗ Starlight Баранова 10 класс

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Module 4

Inversion

8. modal/auxiliary verb + subject + main verb

It is used in the following cases:

in questions.

Can you realty sing well?

After the following words or expressions, when they come at the beginning of a sentence

Seldom

Rarely

Little

Barely

Nowhere (else)

Never (before)

Not (even) once

On no account

Only by

Only in this way

Only then

Hardly (ever) … when

No sooner than

Not only … but (also)

Not until In no way

In/Under no circumstances

So/Such

Not since etc.

Never (before) have I seen such an exciting match. Not only did they make a lot of money but they (also) made a good name for themselves.

Seldom do we go out since I took up Spanish dosses. BUT We seldom go out since I took up Spanish dosses. (There is no inversion because the word seldom does not come at the beginning of the sentence.)

Note: When the expressions only after, only by. Only if. Only when, not until/till come at the beginning of a sentence, the inversion is in die main clause.

Only after saving money for months was she able to buy a new cor.

Only if you do what the doctor tells you will you get well soon.

With so, neither, nor, as to express agreement.

I love chocolate yoghurt “So do I.” (We use “so” to agree with an affirmative statement)

She was a talented artist, as was her brother I and so was her brother.

“Neither/Nor can I.” (We use “neither/nor” to agree with a negative statement.)

“I can’t stand classical musk.” “Neither/Nor can I.”

with should, were, had when they come at the beginning of an if-clause instead of “if”:

eg. Type 1: Should he call, tell him I’ll meet him at six. (= If he should call…)

Type 2: Were I you, I would tell her how I feel. (= If I were you …)

Type 3: Hod I been told, I would have been prepared for what would follow. (= If I had been told …)

B. main verb + subject

It is used in the following cases:

after verbs of movement or adverbial expressions of place when they come at the beginning of a sentence.

Outside the house was a big pine tree.

On the chair lay a cat.

Here comes the bus.

There goes the tram.

If the subject is a pronoun, there is no inversion Here they come. (NOT: Here come they.)

Out you go. (NOT: Out go you)

in direct speech when the subject of the introductory verb is a noun.

“I don’t like this book,” said Jimmy.

(OR: …. jimmy said.)

“I’ll call you tomorrow” said her mother.

(OR her mother said.)

BUT “How can I help уou?” she asked.

(NOT: asked she, because the subject of the introductory verb is a pronoun.)

20 Rewrite the sentences.

1 The authorities seldom pay any attention to environmental activists.

Seldom do the authorities pay any attention to environmental activists.

2 Our country has never seen such extreme weather conditions before.

Never before has our country seen such extreme weather conditions.

3 The police didn’t know that the man was a thief.

Little did the police know that the man was a thief.

4 If we had known how easy It Is to recycle, we would have started a long time ago.

Had we known how easy It Is to recycle, we would have started a long time ago!

5 Deforestation not only reduces the number of trees, but It also affects biodiversity.

Not only does deforestation reduce the number of trees, but It also affects biodiversity.

6 You shouldn’t put a metal utensil in the microwave on any account.

On no account should you put a metal utensil in the microwave.

7 Patricia won’t cancel the trip under any circumstances.

Under no circumstances will Patricia cancel the trip.

8 She had just finished her speech when he walked In the door.

No sooner had she finished her speech than he walked In the door.

The Passive

We form the passive with the verb to be in the appropriate tense and the past participle of the main verb. Only transitive verbs (verbs which take an object) can be used in the passive: (e.g. live does not have a passive form.)

We use the passive:

when the person or people who do the action are unknown, unimportant or obvious from the context.

Jane’s handbag was stolen. (We don’t know who stole it) The house is being painted. (It’s unimportant who is doing it) The criminal has been arrested. (It’s obvious that the police arrested him.)

when the action itself is more important than the person/people who do it as in news headlines, newspaper articles, formal notices, advertisements, instructions, processes etc. The wedding will be held on May 4th.

when we want to avoid taking responsibility for an action, or when we refer to an unpleasant event and we do not want to say who or what is to blame. The man was beaten to death.

Changing from the active into the passive:

the object of the active sentence becomes the subject in the passive sentence

the active verb remains in the same tense but changes into a passive form

the subject of the active sentence becomes the agent, and is either introduced with the preposition by or is omitted.

ACTIVE

Subject

The secretary

Verb

was typing

Object

an email.

PASSIVE

Subject

An email

Verb

was being typed

Agent

by the secretary.

Only transitive verbs (verbs which take an object) can be changed into the passive. Active: Monkeys live in trees, (intransitive verb) No passive form: Trees are lived in by monkeys.

Note: Some transitive verbs (how, exist seem, fit, suit, resemble, lack etc) cannot be changed into the passive. Roy has a new bike. (NOT: A new bike n had by Roy,)

We can use the verb to get instead of the verb to be in everyday speech when we talk about things that happen by accident or unexpectedly. He got injured when he was trying to climb the tree. (instead of He was injured ...)

By + the agent is used to say who or what carries out an action. With + instrument/material/ingredient is used to say what the agent used. The cake was made by Roselyn. It was mode with fresh cream.

The agent can be omitted when the subject is they, he, someone/somebody, people, one etc. Somebody has opened the window. -> The window has been opened.

The agent is not omitted when it is a specific or important person, or when it is essential to the meaning of the sentence. Jurassik Park was directed by Steven Spielberg.

With verbs which can take two objects, such as bring, tell. send. show, teach, promise, buy. sell, read, offer, give, lend etc, we can form two different passive sentences.

Bob gave Jean flowers, (active)

Jean was given flowers by Bob. (passive, more usual)

Flowers were given to Jean by Bob. (passive, less usual)

If in an active sentence a preposition follows a verb, then in the passive it is placed immediately after the verb. A snake bit Ann on the leg. Ann was bitten on the leg by a snake.

The verbs hear, help, see and make are followed by the bare infinitive in the active, but by the to-infinitive in the passive. She made me do my homework. I was made to do my homework.

Let becomes be allowed to in the passive. The mother let the children watch TV. The children were allowed to watch TV.

To ask questions in the passive, we follow the same rules as for statements, keeping in mind that the verb is in the interrogative form. Have they received the email yet? Has the email been received yet?

When we want to find out who or what performed an action, the passive question form is Who/What ... by? Who was the book written by?

The verbs believe, expect, feel. hope. know, report, say. think etc are used in the following passive patterns in personal and impersonal constructions.

They expect he will pass his driving test

subject (person) + passive verb + to inf

He is expected to pass his driving test (personal construction)

It + passive verb + that-clause

It is expected that he will pass his driving test (impersonal construction)

21 Complete the exchanges using the correct passive form.

1 A: What happened at the WWF meeting yesterday?

B: We were advised to adopt an animal.

2 A: How does he make money from storm chasing?

B: His photographs are used on publicity posters.

3 A: Are most of the animals kept In captivity?

B: No, some are released Into their natural habitat

4 A: Who started the Rocky Mountain Institute?

B: It was founded by a visionary, Amory Lovins.

5 A: Have we made any progress in helping the planet?

B: Well, greenhouse gases have been reduced considerably because of specific measures to limit pollution.

22 Choose the correct answer.

1 Sammy has been employed by the WWF for three years now.

A has boon employing

В is employed

C has been employed

D is being employed

2 Hundreds of plant species have been made extinct by deforestation.

A have been made

В being made

C having been made

D have made

3 The scientific results will be published next month.

A are published

В to be published

C will be published

D to publish

4 The natural habitats of many species have been destroyed by housing developers.

A is being destroyed

В has been destroyed

C Is destroyed

D have been destroyed

5 Soon, factory emissions will have been reduced.

A are being

В have been

C will have been

D were being

6 The video footage Faidley took has been shown on TV channels around the world.

A being shown

В has been shown

C had shown

D to be shown

7 Wangari Maathai was the first African woman to be awarded the Nobel peace prize.

A to award

В being awarded

C to be awarded

D having been awarded

8 About two hundred volcanoes are located in Indonesia.

A are being located

В are to be located

C is located

D are located

9 In what ways can we be kept Informed about extreme weather conditions?

A we be kept

В we will keep

C we are keeping

D we have been keeping

Type 0 & I Conditionals

Type 0 conditionals are used to express a general truth or a scientific fact In this type of conditionals we can use when instead of if.

If-clause

Main Clause

If/When + present simple -> present simple

If/When you drop something, it falls to the ground.

Type I conditionals are used to express a real or very probable situation in the present or future.

If-clause

Main Clause

If + present simple -> future simple, imperative, can/ must/may etc + bare infinitive

If 1 go to the party, I will/may/etc have a good time.

When the hypothesis comes before the main clause, we separate them with a comma. When the main clause comes before the if-clause. then we do not use a comma to separate them.

Note: With type I conditionals we can use unless + affirmative verb (= if + negative verb). I will not be ablе to come unless It stops raining. (= if it does not stop raining. ...)

Type 2 & 3 Conditionals

Type 2 conditionals (unreal in the present) are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in die present, and therefore are unlikely to happen in the present or the future. We can use either was or were for I, he, she, it, in the if-clause. We can also use the structure If I were you ... to give advice.

If-clause

Main Clause

If + past simple/past continuous -> would/could/might + present bare infinitive

If I knew how to do it, I would do it myself.

If Sue was working today, we would see her.

If I were you, I would tell them not to interfere.

Type 3 conditionals (unreal in the past) are used to express imaginary situations which are contrary to facts in the post They are abo used to express regrets or criticism.

If-clause

Main Clause

If + past perfect/past perfect continuous -> would/could/might + perfect bare infinitive

If they had asked me, I would have told them not to do it. If I hadntaskt been working today, we would have done the shopping.

Mixed Conditionals

We can form mixed conditionals, if the context permits it, by combining an if-cbuse from one type with a main clause from another.

If-clause

Type 2

If he went to bed late last night,

Type 2

If you were more careful,

Type 3

If he hadn’t missed the bus,

Main Clause

Type 1

he won’t be able to get up on time today.

Type 3

you wouldn’t have broken your leg.

Type 2

he would be at work now.

Wishes

We can use wish/if only to express a wish.

Verb Tense

+ past simple/ past continuous

+ past perfect

+ subject + would + bare inf.

I wish I was rich now. (but I’m not)

If only I were going to the beach. (but Itaskm not)

I wish I had finished the housework. (but I didn’t)

If only she hadn’t told me to leave her alone, (but she did)

I wish you would stop smoking. If only It would stop rating.

Use

to say that we would like something to be different about a present situation

to express regret about something which happened or didntaskt happen in the past

to express:

a polite Imperative.

a desire for a situation or person’s behaviour to change

Note: If only is used in exactly the same way as wish but it is more emphatic or more dramatic.

We can use were instead of was after wish and if only. I wish I want was at the beach. Note: I wish to speak to you now (I want to ...)

Unreal Past - had better - would rather

The Past Simple can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the present, and the Past Perfect can be used to talk about imaginary, unreal or improbable situations in the past. This is called unreal past Unreal Past is used as follows:

Past Simple to refer to the present:

Type 2 conditionals: e.g. if I were you. Itaskd ask for help.

wish/if only: e.g. I wish he were more patient with children.

I’d rather/sooner sb e.g. I’d rather he studied more.

Suppose/Supposing: e.g. Suppose you were asked to stay bock, what would you do?

as if/as though: e.g. He behaves as if he were the boss.

It’s (about/high) time ...: e.g. fttasks time we left

Past Perfect to refer to the past:

Type 3 conditionals: eg. If I had been more careful, I wouldn’t have had the accident

Wish/if only: e g. If only I hadn’t told lies to my mum.

I’d rather/sooner sb ...: e.g. I’d rather he hadn’t spent so much money yesterday.

Suppose/Supposing: e.g. Suppose he had seen you, what would you have done?

as if/as though: e.g. They looked at each other as if they had met before.

had better = should

I had better + present bare infinitive (for present/ future reference): e.g. You’d better take an aspirin.

It would have been better if + Past Perfect (for past reference): e.g. It would have been better if you had told them the truth.

would rather = I’d prefer

When the subject of would rather is also the subject of the following verb, we use I’d rather + present bare infinitive (for present/future reference) or I’d rather + perfect bare infinitive (for past reference): e.g. I’d rather leave now. I’d rather have admitted taking the money.

When the subject of would rather is different from the subject of the following verb, we use: I’d rather sb + Past Simple (for present/future reference) or I’d rather sb + Past Perfect (for past reference): e.g. I’d rather you put on the green dress tonight I’d rather you had called me earlier.

Note:

prefer + gerund/noun + to + gerund/noun (general preference): e.g. I prefer swimming to skiing.

prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive (general preference): e.g. I prefer to dress casually rather than dress formally.

would prefer + full infinitive + rather than + bare infinitive (specific preference): e.g. Itaskd prefer to go hiking rather than go horse riding.

would rather + bare infinitive + than + bare infinitive: e.g. I’d rather read than watch TV.

23 Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

1 A: Look at all that packaging you’re throwing away!

В: I know, but what can I do? I wish there were more recycling bins near here.

2 A: Sorry I didn’t come to the Greenpeace meeting last night. I couldn’t make it B: If I had known that I would have changed the date.

3 A: Stockport Zoo has closed down.

B: Thattasks a shame. I wish I had visited It more often when It was open.

4 A: If you go to the environmental conference. could you pick up some brochures, please?

B: Of course!

5 A: Shall I put this rubbish In the bin?

B: No, if I were you, I would take it to the recycling centre.

6 A: If I had known about the park clean up. I would have signed up to help.

B: Don’t worry. There’s going to be another one next week.

7 A: I wish I had known you were free last weekend. We could have gone out somewhere together.

B: Oh, that would have been nice!

8 A: It’s pouring down. We’re going to get soaked.

В: I wish I had brought my umbrella with me.

9 A: Sorry. What did you say?

B: Oh. I wish you would pay more attention when I’m speaking to you.

24 Rewrite the following as mixed conditionals.

1 We didn’t recycle and now we are running out of natural resources.

If we had recycled, we wouldn’t be running out of natural resources now.

2 The authorities didn’t prevent the flooding In time, and now we are facing an environmental disaster.

3 She isn’t a reliable worker, so she didn’t get a promotion.

4 The bus drivers have gone on strike, so I’m not using public transport at the moment.

5 She walked 20 kilometres, so her feet are sore now.