Стр.108-109 Unit 7-8 ГДЗ Комарова Ларионова 11 класс

Приведем выдержку из задания из учебника Комарова, Ларионова 11 класс, Русское слово:

Culture today …

A BRIEF HISTORY OF PRINTING

A Read the introduction below. Which type of media do you prefer - print or digital? Why?

Printing may very well be on the decline. These days, fewer and fewer people are buying newspapers and magazines and arc instead reading these periodicals online. As a result, publishers of these traditional forms of media arc struggling to cover the costs of printing them. But would the world be a better place without print media? True, the trees on our planet might breathe a sigh of relief, but would our eyes feel the same way after staring at a computer for hours on end? Will bookshops become a thing of the past also? If these trends continue, we may find ourselves forever strapped to an electronic device just to stay informed of current events.

B Now read the text. What fact about the history of printing do you find the most significant?

Printing can be traced back to Mesopotamian times in 3000 BC, in which presses were used to form symbols in clay tablets. Nowadays the most common form of printing is pressing ink on paper, a tradition that began at the start of the last millennium. The first mass produced book was the Gutenberg Bible, made by German printer Johannes Gutenberg in the 1450s. Since then, the mass production of books has spread to every corner of the globe.

Not long after Gutenbergtasks accomplishment, printing spread to England. The first English printer. William Caxton. published the very first book in the English language, a translation of a work originally written in Flemish, in 1472. He produced the work while in Belgium using a colleaguetasks press after having learned the art of printing during a stay in Germany. Shortly after, he returned to Britain to set up the first British printing press in Westminster in 1476.

Centuries later, printing in England benefited from rapid improvements that occurred during the Victorian Era. Presses moved from being made of wood and stone to employing the use of metal, which was more durable. A variety of colours began to appear in books, which allowed for more elaborate and attractive illustrations.

Russiatasks first printing press was established in 1553 by the Russian tsar Ivan IV, also known as Ivan the Terrible. Known as the Moscow Print Yard, the press first published books without dates, as was common at the time, but this changed once Ivan Fyodorov and Pyotr Timofeyev printed the first ever dated book. Apostolos, in 1564. The press suffered from fires in its early years but was always rebuilt and even expanded. By the early 1600s, the Moscow Print Yard had published a total of 30 books at 1.000 copies each. Although no longer in operation, its premises have been made an historical monument which houses the Russian State University for the Humanities. Printing changed dramatically during the 19th and 20th centuries. With development of colour printing in the 1830s. more and more books included mass produced colour illustrations. Critics of the process, however, opposed its use because of its lack of authenticity, as prior to the invention, colour illustrations in books were hand painted. Other improvements included rotary printing presses, which used a cylinder for printing and greatly sped up the printing process. These new methods also lowered the costs associated with printing, which resulted in reducing book prices, thus making them more available to the masses.

Modern forms of printing, such as ink-jet and laser printing, were developed in the 1950s and 1960s. These formed the basis of the first printers used in the home that accompanied personal computers, which eventually featured laser and digital printing methods.

The most recent development involves 3-D printing, a process that can create a three-dimensional object out of a block of wood, plastic or other solid material. Although vastly different from the conventional printing process, as neither ink nor paper is involved. 3-D printing allows users to create shapes they have designed on a computer. Objects such as jewellery, face models and even food can be created using this printing method.

C Choose the best option to complete the sentences.

1 Todaytasks form of printing began 1.000 years ago.

a three millennia ago.

b in the 1450s.

c 1.000 years ago.

d a century ago.

2 William Caxton printed his first book outside his homeland.

a outside his homeland.

b in Germany.

c in Britain.

d in a foreign language.

3 According to the text, printing presses of Victorian times were manufactured using metal.

a wood.

b metal.

c colour.

d stone.

4 The Apostolos was special because it included daily news.

a illustrations.

b daily news

c religious texts

d a year of manufacture.

5 A problem with colour illustration was it was of poorer quality.

a it was of poorer quality.

b it was too expensive to produce

c it was banned by critics

d it was too slow a process.

6 What people commonly use to print documents was developed in the mid 20th century.

a late 19th century

b early 20th century

c mid 20th century

d late 20th century.

7 3-D printing can create objects from any material as long as it is sturdy.

a sturdy

b square

c soft

d smooth.

D Complete the sentences with a word from the box.

ink

translation

mass produced

durable

illustrations

cylinder

block

1 This book was originally written in Russian; what you are reading is a translation.

2 An image can be carved out of a block of wood which can then be used to make copies.

3 Books with hard covers arc more durable than paperback books.

4 This printing press uses a metal cylinder that spins around rapidly and makes hundreds of copies per minute.

5 The printer ran out of ink and was spitting out blank sheets of paper.

6 This childrentasks book has a number of illustrations that help tell the story through imagery.

7 After books became mass produced in the 15th century, they spread all over the world.

E Your voice Are there any magazines and newspapers that you enjoy reading? Which ones? Would you like to publish anything on your own?