Стр.30-31 Unit 1-2 ГДЗ Комарова Ларионова 11 класс
TRADITIONAL DWELLINGS AROUND ТHЕ WORLD A Read the introduction below. Then take a moment to think about where you live. What kind of home is it?
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Приведем выдержку из задания из учебника Комарова, Ларионова 11 класс, Русское слово:
TRADITIONAL DWELLINGS AROUND ТHЕ WORLD
A Read the introduction below. Then take a moment to think about where you live. What kind of home is it? What is it made of, both externally and internally?
The houses in urban or rural areas around the world have many differences. In some areas there are lots of blocks of flats, in others there are actual houses. Some constructions are grey or painted concrete, whereas in others, they are made of brick, logs, mud or a wooden frame covered with canvas. There are reasons to explain these differences - weather or environmental conditions, space constraints or even family economics, local traditions.
B Now read about different types of houses around the world. For each different type, explain why this kind of house is used.
The Russian izba
Log houses (izby) dotted the Russian countryside for centuries. Even now. many peasantstask houses in Russia retain the spirit of izby and remain pan of the cultural landscape.
The izby were primarily made of interlocking pine tree logs. The type of izba varied depending on the region, eg. in Central Russia, a fence enclosed the peasanttasks house, the cattle-shed, haylofts and stables. In the North, however, because of its harsh climate agricultural buildings were often joined under a single roof with the familytasks living space.
The size of an izba depended on the wealth and size of the household. But however big or small it was. its most important part, the hearth, was the stove. It played the key role in peasantstask everyday life: it was used for heating as well as cooking: in winter peasants used to sleep on top of it to keep warm. The taskred cornertask, another important part of the izba, where the table and benches were placed and the icons were hung, was located diagonally across from the stove. At the long wooden family table, the head of the household took scat nearest the icons. The stove corner, in contrast, was for women - they cooked, spun and did other work there.
The decoration of the izba reflected the artistic taste and skill of the Russian peasants. The roof of the izba was often crowned with a beam (konyok) that was carved in the shape of a horsetasks head. This signified that the animal was giving its life to the home so that the home could live. The most striking feature of an izba is the wood carvings that surrounded the windows and hung from the roof overhangs and transformed izby into remarkable works of folk art. Fortunately, many original izby have been preserved and restored and arc now regional open-air museums, one of the richest ensembles gracing the island of Kizhi on Lake Onega.
The mud hut
The Masai of Kenya are a semi-nomadic tribe. They live in an area of wild beauty. Their life involves caring for their canttle and looking after their family or tribe members. Although the Masai move around less now than they used to. they still build their houses in the old traditional way. They only use materials that they can find around them and their dwellings arc not really permanent.
The small houses, which arc only built by women, are circular buildings. They have a frame of wooden poles which arc stuck together and made waterproof with mud. dung from their cattle, ash. sticks and urine. The houses arc never more than three metres by five, and one and a half metres high. Everything happens in these small houses - the masai cook, cat, sleep and sometimes keep their animals in there. The houses are easy to build and provide a shelter. These houses are usually built as pan of a group of other houses. A fence of thorny acacia trees protects the small Masai village and their cattle from the wild animals that roam around at night outside the enclosure.
The Mongolian ger
The Mongolian gcr has been used for thousands of years by the nomads of Central Asia. Very similar to a yurt, the first written description of this dwelling was recorded by Herodotus, the ‘father of historytask, who lived in Greece between 484 and 424 BC.
The traditional ger is a tent-like structure made from a wooden frame and felt walls. An outer layer covering the ger is made from waterproof canvas. The whole construction is easy to assemble, dismantle and carry. This feature is of essential importance, as nomadic herders move at least three or four times a year in the search for good grazing lands.
The ger is a comfortable place to live in both during severe winters and hot summers. Due to the opening in the centre of the roof, called the crown, fresh air circulates through the ger. The central wood-burning stove provides even distribution of heat in cold months. When ittasks hot. the lower end of the soft covering is slightly raised.
The constructive principle of the ger has changed little since Genghis Khantasks times. Only a few elements were adapted to newly developed technology, such as carpentry. This made it possible to craft a wooden crown similar to a wheel in place of a simple piece of wood bent into a circle. Even more obvious are the use of a wooden door instead of a felt curtain, and of course the iron stove with a chimney in place of an open fire.
The unique design, structure and practical features make the ger the most common type of habitation in Mongolia. Surprisingly as it might seem, almost half of the population of Ulan Bator still lives in gers.
C Answer the questions.
1 In your opinion, which house would cost almost nothing to build? Why?
2 What is remarkable about the interior of the Russian izba?
3 What crowned the roof of the izba and why?
4 What is the construction of the mud hut like?
5 Why is it necessary to have a fence around the Masai homes?
6 Which feature of the mud construction is the most important and why?
7 Why does the mud remain the most popular dwelling in Mongolia?
D Match the words in the box to the type(s) of houses they describe. Then use the context to explain the meaning of each word.
carvings
felt
crown
konyok
nomadic
semi nomadic
cattle
waterproof
stove
fence
bench
red corner
E Your voice Hold a group discussion of an ideal house. Consider the following: climate, risk of natural disaster, location, number of inhabitants, building materials, special features.